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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Recruitment patterns of freshwater amphidromous fishes (Pisces: Gobiidae, Eleotridae) to the Cimaja estuary, Palabuhanratu Bay
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Abstract
The sustainability of amphidromous fishes is determined by the success of the larval recruitment process from marine to freshwaters habitats. This study aimed to determine the recruitment pattern of freshwater amphidromous fish to the Cimaja River estuary, Palabuhanratu Bay in terms of season and daily. Amphidromous fish were caught monthly on the 25th of Hijri or waning crescent from December 2020 to August 2021. Sampling in one whole day with observation intervals every 4 hours was carried out in June 2021 to reveal the time of larvae and juveniles of the amphidromous fish recruit to the Cimaja River estuary. A total of 13 species of amphidromous fishes representing five genera and two families was captured. The recruitment of amphidromous fishes into the Cimaja River occurs between the peak of the rainy season to dry season. Generally, amphidromous recruit into the estuary waters of the Cimaja River is at the juvenile stage (11.9-21.8 mm body length). However, the recruitment of some amphidromous fish species appears at the postflexion stage (6.9-11.9 mm BL). Based on diel observations, larvae and juveniles of amphidromous fish are generally preferred to recruit to the Cimaja River estuary in the early morning (03:00 am) and afternoon (03:00 pm). Recruitment of amphidromous fish larvae to the Cimaja River follows a semi-diurnal tidal cycle which is a tidal type in Palabuhanratu Bay. Amphidromous fishes use tidal flux to recruit and migrate upstream of the Cimaja River through estuaries.
Abstrak
Keberlanjutan sumber daya ikan amfidromus ditentukan oleh keberhasilan proses rekrutmen larva dari habitat laut menuju perairan tawar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola rekrutmen ikan amfidromus air tawar menuju perairan estuari Sungai Cimaja, Teluk Palabuhanratu ditinjau dari musim dan harian. Ikan amfidromus ditangkap setiap bulan pada tanggal 25 Hijriah atau awal bulan baru dari Desember 2020 sampai Agustus 2021. Sampling dalam satu hari penuh dengan interval pengamatan setiap 4 jam dilakukan pada Juni 2021 untuk menentukan waktu larva dan yuwana ikan amfidromus rekrut ke estuari Sungai Cimaja. Sebanyak 13 spesies anak ikan amfidromus mewakili lima genera dan dua famili ditemukan. Puncak rekrutmen anak ikan amfidromus di Sungai Cimaja terjadi antara pertengahan musim penghujan sampai musim kemarau. Anak ikan amfidromus yang melakukan rekrutmen ke perairan estuari Sungai Cimaja umumnya berada pada stadia yuwana (panjang tubuh 11.9-21.8 mm). Namun proses rekrutmen ke wilayah estuari Cimaja pada beberapa spesies ikan amfidromus lainnya terjadi pada stadia postflexion (6,9-11,9 mm). Berdasarkan pengamatan harian ditemukan bahwa larva dan yuwana ikan amfidromus umumnya memilih rekrut ke estuari Sungai Cimaja pada dini hari (pukul 03:00) dan sore hari (15:00). Puncak rekrutmen larva ikan amphiromus menuju Sungai Cimaja mengikuti siklus pasang semi-diurnal yang merupakan tipe pasang di Teluk Palabuhanratu. Ikan amphidromous memanfaatkan gelombang pasang untuk rekrut dan beruaya ke arah hulu Sungai Cimaja melewati daerah estuari.
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References
Augspurger JM, Warburton M, Closs GP. 2017. Life-history plasticity in amphidromous and catadromous fishes: a continuum of strategies. Review Fish Biology Fisheries. 16: 1-13. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-016-9463-9.
Faqihuddin M, Supriatna S, Pin TG. 2018. The distribution of fish larvae based on salinity values at coastal Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. AIP Conf. Proc. 2023. 020187. DOI: 10.1063/1.5064184.
Fathurahman MA, Handoyo G, Satriadi A, Suryoputro AAD, Ismunarti DH. 2021. Studi karakteristik dan distribusi co-range pasang surut di perairan Teluk Pelabuhan Ratu Sukabumi. Indonesian Journal of Oceanography. 3(1): 1-11.
Gani A, Bakri AF, Adriany TD, Nurjirana, Herjayanto M, Bungalim MI, Ndobe S, Burhanuddin AI. 2019. Identification Of Freshwater Goby Species From The Biak And Koyoan Rivers, Luwuk Banggai, Central Sulawesi. Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan Spermonde. 5(2): 57-60. DOI: 10.20956/jiks.v5i2.8931.
Gulland JA. 1983. Fish Stock Assesment: A Manual of Basic Method. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons.
Hiroshi S, Toshiyuki S, Koichi S, Korechika Y. 2004. A Photographic Guide to The Gobioid Fishes of Japan. Kochi (JP): Heibonsha.
Iida M, Watanabe S, Shinoda A, Tsukamoto K. 2008. Recruitment of the amphidromous goby Sicyopterus japonicus to the estuary of the Ota River, Wakayama, Japan. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 83(3): 331-341. DOI: 10.1007/s10641-008-9345-7.
Imron M, Putra RR, Baskoro MS, Soeboer DA. 2018. Usaha penangkapan benih sidat menggunakan alat tangkap seser di Muara Cibuni-Tegal-Buleud, Sukabumi Jawa Barat. Albacore, 2(3): 295-305. DOI: 10.29244/core.2.3.295-305.
Ito T, Simanjuntak CPH, Kinoshita I, Fujita S. 2018. Distribution of Coilia nasus (Engraulidae) larvae and juveniles in the Rokkaku River, Ariake Bay, Japan. Aquaculture Science, 66(11): 17-23. DOI: 10.11233/aquaculturesci.66.17.
Keith P, Hoareau TB, Lord C, Yane AO, Gimonneau G, Robinet T, Valade P. 2008. Characterisation of post-larval to juvenile stages, metamorphosis and recruitment of an amphidromous goby, Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Pallas) (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Sicydiinae). Marine and Freshwater Research. 59: 876-889. DOI: 10.1071/MF08116.
Kendall AW, Ahlstrom EH, Moser AG. 1984. Early life history stages of fishes and their characters. In Moser HG, Richards HG, Cohen WJ, Fahay DM, Kendall Jr. AW and Richardson SL (editors). Ontogeny and Systematics of Fish, pp. 11-22. Lawrence (US): American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Allen Press Inc.
Khoncara C, Sulistiono, Simanjuntak CPH, Rahardjo MF, Zahid A. 2018. Diet Composition and Feeding Strategy of Gobiid Fishes in Pabean Bay, Indramayu. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia. 23(2): 137-147. DOI: 10.18343/jipi.23.2.137.
Krebs CJ. 2014. Ecological Methodology, 3rd edition. New York (USA): AddisonWesley Education Publishers.
Leis JM, Carson BM. 2000. The Larvae of Indo-Pasific Coastal Fishes. Leiden (NLD): Fauna Malesiana Faundation.
Maeda K, Tachihara K. 2005. Recruitment of amphidromous sleepers Eleotris acanthopoma, Eleotris melanosome, and Eleotris fusca into the Teima River, Okinawa Island. Ichthyological Research. 52: 325-335. DOI: 10.1007/s10228-005-0289-z.
Maturbongs MR, Elviana S, Sunarni S, Defretes D. 2017. Mudskipper (Gobiidae) diversity study on estuary of Maro river and mangrove area in Kembapi beach, Merauke. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan Pesisir dan Perikanan. 7(2): 177-186. DOI: 10.13170/depik.7.2.9012.
McDowall RM. 2007. On amphydromy, a distinct from a diadromy in aquatic organism. Fish and Fisheries Research. 8: 1-11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2007.00232.x.
McDowall RM. 2009. Early hatch: a strategy for safe downstream larval transport in amphidromous gobies. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 19(1): 1-8. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-008-9085-y.
McDowall RM. 2010. Why be amphidromous: expatrial dispersal and the place of source and sink population dynamics?. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 20(1): 87-100. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-009-9125-2.
Miller BS, Kendall AW. 2009. Early Life History of Marine Fishes. London (UK): University of California Press.
Murase A, Ishimaru T, Ogata Y, Yamasaki Y, Kawano H, Nakanishi K, Inoue K. 2020. Where is the nursery for amphidromous nekton? Abundance and size comparisons of juvenile ayu among habitats and contexts. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 241: 106831. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106831.
Myers GS. 1949. Usage of anadromous, catadromous and allied terms for migratory fishes. Copeia. 1949(2): 89-97. DOI: 10.2307/1438482.
Nurjirana, Burhanuddin AI, Haris A. 2019. Diversity of penja fish (amphidromous goby) in Leppangan River, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux. 12(1): 246-249.
Okiyama M. 2014. An Atlas of Early Stage Fishes in Japan. 2nd Edition. Tokyo (JP): Tokai University Press.
Olii AH, Sahami FM, Hamzah SN, Pasisingi N. 2017. Preliminary findings on distribution pattern of larvae of nike fish (Awaous sp.) in the estuary of Bone River, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux 10(5): 1110-1118.
Olii AH, Sahami FM, Hamzah SN, Pasisingi N. 2019. Molecular approach to identify gobioid fishes “nike” and hundala” (local name), from Gorontalo waters, Indonesia. Online Journal of Biological Sciences. 19(1): 51-56. DOI: 10.3844/ojbsci.2019.51.56.
Oto Y. 2020. Preference for saine water of an amphidromous goby maintained during migration to upstream freshwater areas. Journal of Fish Biology. 97(1): 202-211. DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14351.
Pangemanan NPL. 2020. Karakteristik morfologi, pola melanofor, filogenetik molekuler ikan nike di Danau Tondano, muara sungai Tondano, dan muara ungai Poigar, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, Disertasi. Universitas Sam Ratulangi.
Pasisingi N, Abdullah S. 2018. Pola kemunculan ikan nike (Gobiidae) di perairan Teluk Gorontalo, Indonesia. Depik Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Perairan, Pesisir, dan Perikanan. 7(2): 111-118. DOI: 10.13170/depik.7.2.11442.
Pasisingi N, Olii AH, Habibie SA. 2020a. Morphology and growth pattern of nike fish (amphidromous goby larvae) in Gorontalo Waters, Indonesia. Tomini Journal of Aquatic Science. 1(1): 1-7. DOI: 10.37905/tjas.v1i1.5622.
Pasisingi N, Habibie SA, Olii AH. 2020b. Are Awaous ocellaris and Belobranchus belobranchus the two species of Nike fish schools?. Aceh Journal of Animal Science. 5(2): 87-91. DOI: 10.13170/ajas.5.2.16713.
Proum S, Santos J, Lim LH, Marshal DJ. 2017. Tidal and seasonal variation in carbonate chemistry, pH and salinity, for a mineral-aciditief tropical estuarine system. Regional Studied of Marine Science. 17: 11004.
Setyawan WB, Pamungkas A. 2017. Perbandingan karakteristik oseanografi pesisir utara dan selatan Pulau Jawa: pasang-surut, arus, dan gelombang. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kelautan dan Perikanan III. Universitas Trunojoyo Madura. 7 September 2017.
Schnell NK, Konstantinidis P, Jhonson GD. 2016. High-proof ethanol fixation of larval and juvenile fishes for cleaning and double staining. Copeia. 104(3): 617-622. DOI: 103.10.107.9.
Simanjuntak CPH. 2012. Fish diversity and assemblage structure in tributaries of Sopokomil River, Dairi, North Sumatra. Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia. 12(2): 155-172. DOI: 10.32491/jii.v12i2.121.
Simanjuntak CPH, Noviana, Putri AK, Rahardjo MF, Djumanto, Syafei LS, Abdillah D. 2020. Species composition and abundance of small fishes in seagrass beds of the Karang Congkak Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 404. 012063. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/404/1/012063.
Simanjuntak CPH. 2016. Early life history of an endemic Coilia nasus in Ariake Bay, Japan. PhD Thesis. Kochi Univeristy, Japan.
Teichert N, Keith P, Valade P, Richarson M, Metzger M, Gaudin P. 2013. Breeding pattern and nest guarding in Sicyopterus lagocephalus a widespread amphidromous Gobiidae. Journal of Ethology. 31: 239-247. DOI: 10.1007/s10164-013-0372-2.
Teichert N, Valade P, Grondin H, Trichet E, Sardenne F, Gaudin P. 2014. Pelagic larval traits of the amphidromous goby Sicyopterus lagocephalus display seasonal variations related to temperature in La Reunion Island. Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 25(2): 234-247. DOI: 10.1111/eff.12205.
Vroom J, Wegen MV, Koller RC, Lucas LV. 2017. What determines water temperature dynamics in the San Francisco Bay-Delta System.Water Resource Research. 53(11): 9901-9921. DOI: 10.1002/2016WR020062.
Watanabe S, Iida M, Lord C, Keith P, Tsukamoto K. 2013. Tropical and temperate freshwater amphidromy: a comparison between life history characteristics of Sicydiinae, ayu, sculpins and galaxiids. Reviews of Fish Biology and Fisheries. 24(1): 1-14. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-013-9316-8.
Yamasaki N, Maeda K, Tachihara K. 2007. Pelagic larval duration and morphology at recruitment of Stiphodon percnopterygionus (Gobiidae: Sicydiinae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 14: 209-214.
Zakaria Z. 2018. Analisis morfometrik schooling ikan nike di perairan laut pesisir Kota Gorontalo. Jurnal Entropi. 13(1): 77-80.Augspurger JM, Warburton M, Closs GP. 2017. Life-history plasticity in amphidromous and catadromous fishes: a continuum of strategies. Review Fish Biology Fisheries. 16: 1-13. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-016-9463-9.
Faqihuddin M, Supriatna S, Pin TG. 2018. The distribution of fish larvae based on salinity values at coastal Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. AIP Conf. Proc. 2023. 020187. DOI: 10.1063/1.5064184.
Fathurahman MA, Handoyo G, Satriadi A, Suryoputro AAD, Ismunarti DH. 2021. Studi karakteristik dan distribusi co-range pasang surut di perairan Teluk Pelabuhan Ratu Sukabumi. Indonesian Journal of Oceanography. 3(1): 1-11.
Gani A, Bakri AF, Adriany TD, Nurjirana, Herjayanto M, Bungalim MI, Ndobe S, Burhanuddin AI. 2019. Identification Of Freshwater Goby Species From The Biak And Koyoan Rivers, Luwuk Banggai, Central Sulawesi. Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan Spermonde. 5(2): 57-60. DOI: 10.20956/jiks.v5i2.8931.
Gulland JA. 1983. Fish Stock Assesment: A Manual of Basic Method. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons.
Hiroshi S, Toshiyuki S, Koichi S, Korechika Y. 2004. A Photographic Guide to The Gobioid Fishes of Japan. Kochi (JP): Heibonsha.
Iida M, Watanabe S, Shinoda A, Tsukamoto K. 2008. Recruitment of the amphidromous goby Sicyopterus japonicus to the estuary of the Ota River, Wakayama, Japan. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 83(3): 331-341. DOI: 10.1007/s10641-008-9345-7.
Imron M, Putra RR, Baskoro MS, Soeboer DA. 2018. Usaha penangkapan benih sidat menggunakan alat tangkap seser di Muara Cibuni-Tegal-Buleud, Sukabumi Jawa Barat. Albacore, 2(3): 295-305. DOI: 10.29244/core.2.3.295-305.
Ito T, Simanjuntak CPH, Kinoshita I, Fujita S. 2018. Distribution of Coilia nasus (Engraulidae) larvae and juveniles in the Rokkaku River, Ariake Bay, Japan. Aquaculture Science, 66(11): 17-23. DOI: 10.11233/aquaculturesci.66.17.
Keith P, Hoareau TB, Lord C, Yane AO, Gimonneau G, Robinet T, Valade P. 2008. Characterisation of post-larval to juvenile stages, metamorphosis and recruitment of an amphidromous goby, Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Pallas) (Teleostei: Gobiidae: Sicydiinae). Marine and Freshwater Research. 59: 876-889. DOI: 10.1071/MF08116.
Kendall AW, Ahlstrom EH, Moser AG. 1984. Early life history stages of fishes and their characters. In Moser HG, Richards HG, Cohen WJ, Fahay DM, Kendall Jr. AW and Richardson SL (editors). Ontogeny and Systematics of Fish, pp. 11-22. Lawrence (US): American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Allen Press Inc.
Khoncara C, Sulistiono, Simanjuntak CPH, Rahardjo MF, Zahid A. 2018. Diet Composition and Feeding Strategy of Gobiid Fishes in Pabean Bay, Indramayu. Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia. 23(2): 137-147. DOI: 10.18343/jipi.23.2.137.
Krebs CJ. 2014. Ecological Methodology, 3rd edition. New York (USA): AddisonWesley Education Publishers.
Leis JM, Carson BM. 2000. The Larvae of Indo-Pasific Coastal Fishes. Leiden (NLD): Fauna Malesiana Faundation.
Maeda K, Tachihara K. 2005. Recruitment of amphidromous sleepers Eleotris acanthopoma, Eleotris melanosome, and Eleotris fusca into the Teima River, Okinawa Island. Ichthyological Research. 52: 325-335. DOI: 10.1007/s10228-005-0289-z.
Maturbongs MR, Elviana S, Sunarni S, Defretes D. 2017. Mudskipper (Gobiidae) diversity study on estuary of Maro river and mangrove area in Kembapi beach, Merauke. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Perairan Pesisir dan Perikanan. 7(2): 177-186. DOI: 10.13170/depik.7.2.9012.
McDowall RM. 2007. On amphydromy, a distinct from a diadromy in aquatic organism. Fish and Fisheries Research. 8: 1-11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2007.00232.x.
McDowall RM. 2009. Early hatch: a strategy for safe downstream larval transport in amphidromous gobies. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 19(1): 1-8. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-008-9085-y.
McDowall RM. 2010. Why be amphidromous: expatrial dispersal and the place of source and sink population dynamics?. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 20(1): 87-100. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-009-9125-2.
Miller BS, Kendall AW. 2009. Early Life History of Marine Fishes. London (UK): University of California Press.
Murase A, Ishimaru T, Ogata Y, Yamasaki Y, Kawano H, Nakanishi K, Inoue K. 2020. Where is the nursery for amphidromous nekton? Abundance and size comparisons of juvenile ayu among habitats and contexts. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 241: 106831. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106831.
Myers GS. 1949. Usage of anadromous, catadromous and allied terms for migratory fishes. Copeia. 1949(2): 89-97. DOI: 10.2307/1438482.
Nurjirana, Burhanuddin AI, Haris A. 2019. Diversity of penja fish (amphidromous goby) in Leppangan River, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux. 12(1): 246-249.
Okiyama M. 2014. An Atlas of Early Stage Fishes in Japan. 2nd Edition. Tokyo (JP): Tokai University Press.
Olii AH, Sahami FM, Hamzah SN, Pasisingi N. 2017. Preliminary findings on distribution pattern of larvae of nike fish (Awaous sp.) in the estuary of Bone River, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux 10(5): 1110-1118.
Olii AH, Sahami FM, Hamzah SN, Pasisingi N. 2019. Molecular approach to identify gobioid fishes “nike” and hundala” (local name), from Gorontalo waters, Indonesia. Online Journal of Biological Sciences. 19(1): 51-56. DOI: 10.3844/ojbsci.2019.51.56.
Oto Y. 2020. Preference for saine water of an amphidromous goby maintained during migration to upstream freshwater areas. Journal of Fish Biology. 97(1): 202-211. DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14351.
Pangemanan NPL. 2020. Karakteristik morfologi, pola melanofor, filogenetik molekuler ikan nike di Danau Tondano, muara sungai Tondano, dan muara ungai Poigar, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, Disertasi. Universitas Sam Ratulangi.
Pasisingi N, Abdullah S. 2018. Pola kemunculan ikan nike (Gobiidae) di perairan Teluk Gorontalo, Indonesia. Depik Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Perairan, Pesisir, dan Perikanan. 7(2): 111-118. DOI: 10.13170/depik.7.2.11442.
Pasisingi N, Olii AH, Habibie SA. 2020a. Morphology and growth pattern of nike fish (amphidromous goby larvae) in Gorontalo Waters, Indonesia. Tomini Journal of Aquatic Science. 1(1): 1-7. DOI: 10.37905/tjas.v1i1.5622.
Pasisingi N, Habibie SA, Olii AH. 2020b. Are Awaous ocellaris and Belobranchus belobranchus the two species of Nike fish schools?. Aceh Journal of Animal Science. 5(2): 87-91. DOI: 10.13170/ajas.5.2.16713.
Proum S, Santos J, Lim LH, Marshal DJ. 2017. Tidal and seasonal variation in carbonate chemistry, pH and salinity, for a mineral-aciditief tropical estuarine system. Regional Studied of Marine Science. 17: 11004.
Setyawan WB, Pamungkas A. 2017. Perbandingan karakteristik oseanografi pesisir utara dan selatan Pulau Jawa: pasang-surut, arus, dan gelombang. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kelautan dan Perikanan III. Universitas Trunojoyo Madura. 7 September 2017.
Schnell NK, Konstantinidis P, Jhonson GD. 2016. High-proof ethanol fixation of larval and juvenile fishes for cleaning and double staining. Copeia. 104(3): 617-622. DOI: 103.10.107.9.
Simanjuntak CPH. 2012. Fish diversity and assemblage structure in tributaries of Sopokomil River, Dairi, North Sumatra. Jurnal Iktiologi Indonesia. 12(2): 155-172. DOI: 10.32491/jii.v12i2.121.
Simanjuntak CPH, Noviana, Putri AK, Rahardjo MF, Djumanto, Syafei LS, Abdillah D. 2020. Species composition and abundance of small fishes in seagrass beds of the Karang Congkak Island, Kepulauan Seribu National Park, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 404. 012063. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/404/1/012063.
Simanjuntak CPH. 2016. Early life history of an endemic Coilia nasus in Ariake Bay, Japan. PhD Thesis. Kochi Univeristy, Japan.
Teichert N, Keith P, Valade P, Richarson M, Metzger M, Gaudin P. 2013. Breeding pattern and nest guarding in Sicyopterus lagocephalus a widespread amphidromous Gobiidae. Journal of Ethology. 31: 239-247. DOI: 10.1007/s10164-013-0372-2.
Teichert N, Valade P, Grondin H, Trichet E, Sardenne F, Gaudin P. 2014. Pelagic larval traits of the amphidromous goby Sicyopterus lagocephalus display seasonal variations related to temperature in La Reunion Island. Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 25(2): 234-247. DOI: 10.1111/eff.12205.
Vroom J, Wegen MV, Koller RC, Lucas LV. 2017. What determines water temperature dynamics in the San Francisco Bay-Delta System.Water Resource Research. 53(11): 9901-9921. DOI: 10.1002/2016WR020062.
Watanabe S, Iida M, Lord C, Keith P, Tsukamoto K. 2013. Tropical and temperate freshwater amphidromy: a comparison between life history characteristics of Sicydiinae, ayu, sculpins and galaxiids. Reviews of Fish Biology and Fisheries. 24(1): 1-14. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-013-9316-8.
Yamasaki N, Maeda K, Tachihara K. 2007. Pelagic larval duration and morphology at recruitment of Stiphodon percnopterygionus (Gobiidae: Sicydiinae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 14: 209-214.
Zakaria Z. 2018. Analisis morfometrik schooling ikan nike di perairan laut pesisir Kota Gorontalo. Jurnal Entropi. 13(1): 77-80.